Why Flute Count Matters
One of the most important considerations when choosing an end mill is determining which flute count is best for the job at hand. Both material and application play an important role in this critical part of the tool selection process. Understanding the effects of flute count on other tool properties, and how a tool will behave in different situations is an essential consideration in the tool selection process.
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Tool Geometry Basics
Generally, tools with more flutes have a larger core and smaller flute valleys than tools with fewer flutes. More flutes with a larger core can provide both benefits and restrictions depending on the application. Simply put, a larger core is directly proportional to tool strength; the larger the core, the stronger a tool will be. In turn, a larger core also reduces the flute depth of a tool, restricting the amount of space for chips to exist. This can cause issues with chip packing in applications requiring heavy material removal. However, these considerations only lead us part way when making a decision on which tool to use, and when.

Material Considerations
Traditionally, end mills came in either a 2 flute or 4 flute option. The widely accepted rule of thumb was to use 2 flutes for machining aluminum and non-ferrous materials, and 4 flutes for machining steel and harder alloys. As aluminum and non-ferrous alloys are typically much softer than steels, a tool’s strength is less of a concern, a tool can be fed faster, and larger material removal rates (MRR) is facilitated by the large flute valleys of 2 flute tools. Ferrous materials are typically much harder, and require the strength of a larger core. Feed rates are slower, resulting in smaller chips, and allowing for the smaller flute valleys of a larger core tool. This also allows for more flutes to fit on the tool, which in turn increases productivity.

Recently, with more advanced machines and toolpaths, higher flute count tools have become the norm in manufacturing. Non-ferrous tooling has become largely centered on 3 flute tools, allowing greater productivity while still allowing proper chip evacuation. Ferrous tooling has taken a step further and progressed not only to 5 and 6 flutes, but up to 7 flutes and more in some cases. With a wider range of hardness, sometimes at the very top of the Rockwell hardness scale, many more flutes have allowed longer tool life, less tool wear, stronger tools, and less deflection. All of this results in more specialized tools for more specific materials. The end result is higher MRR and increased productivity.
Running Parameters

Just as material considerations will have an impact on the tool you choose, operation type and depth of cut requirements may also have a big impact on the ideal number of flutes for your application. In roughing applications, lower flute counts may be desirable to evacuate large amounts of chips faster with larger flute valleys. That said, there is a balance to find, as modern toolpaths such as High Efficiency Milling (HEM) can achieve extreme MRR with a very small step over, and a higher number of flutes. In a more traditional sense, higher flute counts are great for finishing operations where very small amounts of material are being removed, and greater finish can be achieved with more flutes, not worrying as much about chip evacuation.

Flute count plays a big role in speeds and feeds calculation as well. One common rule of thumb is “more flutes, more feed,” but this can be a very detrimental misconception. Although true in some cases, this is not an infinitely scalable principle. As stated previously, increasing the number of flutes on a tool limits the size that the flute valleys can be. While adding a 5th flute to a 4 flute tool theoretically gives you 25% more material removal per revolution with an appropriately increased feed rate, feeding the tool that much faster may overload the tool. The 25% increase in material removal is more likely closer to 10-15%, given the tool is exactly the same in all other specifications. Higher flute count tools may require speeds and feeds to be backed off so much in some cases, that a lower flute count may be even more efficient. Finding the right balance is key in modern milling practices.
What about wood and corian!
Hi Rob,
For wood, you would be looking for a tool with 1-2 flutes as a general rule of thumb. Corian could be a bit trickier, so we would encourage you to call our tech team at 800-645-5609 to talk about what sort of application you would be running. That way we can find the right tool for you!
Another benefit to mention about odd number Flute arrangements is they reduce harmonic, which can improve finish.
Could you elaborate more about on how by reducing harmonic we can improve surface finish?
They are more balanced.
Hello! I work with wood – I make classical guitars. What kind of cutters would you recommend for working with soft wood – spruce, linden, maple? Which cutters are better suited for hard, caustic and resinous rocks – oak, rosewood, ziricot, wenge. When working with cheap Chinese cutters, it is not possible to get a smooth edge and surface without burns. Looking for a better solution.
Harvey Tool offers Plastic Cutting End Mills which will likely work well for your woodworking jobs. Opt for either the single flute, or two flute version. The key on these is the sharp edge and large flute valley. Also, make sure to keep your RPMs to a minimum with a larger IPT in order to avoid burning.
What kind of cutters and no. of flutes would you recommend for skull cutting application in a craniotome device?
Our tooling is designed for non-ferrous, ferrous and plastic materials. Unfortunately, we can not recommend using our tooling in skull cutting applications.
I’m milling C110 copper. The feeds and speeds from different tool vendors are all over the place. I’ve found that with a 1/2″ square end mill 18,000 RPM, at 30 in/min, 5 in/min lead in/out works best with a cooling fluid. I’m still getting lots of chatter and occasional crashes.
Suggestions?
Hey Rodger,
If you send an email to [email protected] with all of the specifications for this job, our technical associates will be able to help you hone in your speeds and feeds.
how many flutes will an endmill be best for cast iron .
Hello Amit,
Great question, depending on the application you would want to use 3 – 5 flute end mills for roughing and 6 flutes and up for finishing. here is a link to our end mills for cast iron,https://www.helicaltool.com/products/tool-type/steels
Best end mill for aircraft grade aluminum?
Hello Charles,
Great question! It depends on the application and diameter sizes you need in the job. Helical Solution carries multiple different End Mills for Aluminum that range from roughing to finishing tools, you can check out the link here https://www.helicaltool.com/products/tool-type/aluminum-non-ferrous . Harvey Tool has the miniature sizes needed and roughers and finishing tools here, https://www.harveytool.com/products/material-specific-end-mills/aluminum-alloys . Both brands End Mills for Aluminum will excel in aircraft grade aluminum.
Good AFternoon,
What is the best recommendation for a good standard set of short flute EM, long flute EM and ball EMs? We machine primarily 304 and 303 Stainless Steel. We are also in the process of tooling for the machining of 360 Brass. I know the difference of hardness is substantial, but could we tool for the Stainless and it would be fine for the Brass? Also, this is all done on a manual Bridgeport mill. Any and all help is appreciated!
Hello Gage,
Great question! We would recommend tooling up with the Harvey Tool Miniature End Mill’s. Here is the link to the page . We suggest using our 4 flute tools for the stainless steels and our 2 fluted tools for the brass. Then use the correct coating for each material type, ZrN or uncoated for Brass and AltiN and AlTiN Nano for steels.